Lifelong Learning

“Drink water from the spring where horses drink. The horse will never drink bad water. Lay your bed where the cat sleeps. Eat the fruit that has been touched by a worm. Boldly pick the mushroom on which the insects sit. Plant the tree where the mole digs. Build your house where the snake sits to warm itself. Dig your fountain where the birds hide from heat. Go to sleep and wake up at the same time with the birds – you will reap all of the days golden grains. Eat more green – you will have strong legs and a resistant heart, like the beings of the forest. Swim often and you will feel on earth like the fish in the water. Look at the sky as often as possible and your thoughts will become light and clear. Be quiet a lot, speak little – and silence will come in your heart, and your spirit will be calm and full of peace.” Saint Seraphim of Sarov

Importance of Output Variables of Learning 1.     Difficulty of the Task: Difficult tasks take more time to learn. Sometimes it discourages the learners. 2.     Similarity of the Task: Task which have some similar elements are learnt better, more quickly and effectively. 3.     Meaningfulness of the Task: The more meaningful the material, the more rapid and easier is the learning. Meaningless material is difficult to be learnt. 4.     Length of the Task: The longer the task the more difficult it is to be learnt. 5.     Pleasantness and Un-pleasantness of the Task: Generally pleasant tasks learn easily than unpleasant tasks. 6.     Methods of Teaching: Dynamic and democratic methods of teaching give better results than the authoritarian or autocratic methods. 7.     Guidance: Guided learning is always better than unguided learning. Guidance saves time and energy of the l...

  Nature of educational psychology: I. Educational psychology is an applied branch of psychology. It applies various principles of psychology and tries to study the behavior and experiences of the children. II. It also suggests ways- means for the modification of children’s behavior. III. It is concerned with the problems of the school and plans for a sound education of the child. IV. It is the study of children’s behavior as it is influenced by various factors of the school. V. It employs a scientific approach to the problems in the school and tries to solve them VI. It acquaints the teacher with the classroom situations and equips him to solve the various problems in the best possible manner. Definitions : 1 . Crow and Crow ,” Educational psychology describes and explains the learning experiences of an individual from birth through old age”. 2 . Charles E. Skinner ,” Educational psychology is that branch of psychology deals with teaching and learning.’’ 3 . St...

  EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY                    The term Educational psychology is derived from two independent disciplines which are EDUCATION and PSYCHOLOGY. Education brings its relationship with the subject psychology and developed a branch of applied psychology called Educational Psychology. It is a psychology as applied to education. Educational psychology aims at applying general principles of psychology to educational practices with the aim of bringing effectiveness in the teaching-learning process and to bring modification in the behavior of the learner. Educational psychology is one of the branches of applied psychology and also considered as a positive sciences, which deals with the application of psychological principles, laws, theories, methods and techniques in the educational situation and to solve educational problem for promoting educational growth and development of an individual.

Branches of Psychology In the context of today’s explosion of knowledge and experience, different branches of psychology, both conceptual and applied, are found to evolve and develop. It unfolds the wider scope and prospect of psychology as a science of human behavior. The branches of psychology can be grouped into two broad categories according to their nature of behavior, they are; Pure Branches of Psychology Applied Psychology 1.         Pure branches of psychology: The branches of psychology which deals with the formulation of psychological principles, theories, laws, suggests various laws and techniques for analysis, assessment, modification and improvement of behavior. This pure branch of psychology includes: 1.         Para- psychology: it is the latest development as a special branch of psychology that has gained prominence owing to its deviation from the basic psychological prominence. Psychology believe...

Education is a normative science that tries to find out norms or ideal of education acceptable to people. There are complicated problems of education, what subject to be included in the curriculum, what standard of discipline is maintained in school and so on. Education as a normative study tries to find out those problems that are generally acceptable. In order to determine acceptable norm it takes help of philosophy. It is the philosophy that may help education to perceive the problem as a whole comprising its pasts, present and future. It tries to arrive at a norm or ideal acceptable to the maximum number of people. So, education is thoughtful, reflective, speculative and normative subject of study. Ross has put it, “Education, however, is very much concerned with aims, ideals, standards and values and these in themselves are beyond the province of psychology.”

Psychology is not a normative science but a positive science because it emphasizes the search for truth and study facts of behavior. 1. It tries to make objective study of behavior by using the method of direct observation and experimentation. It believes in visible, tangible and audible experiences of man’s behavior as exhibited in a given situation. 2. It establishes facts by objective proof and evidence. 3. Psychology as a science of behavior studies behavior of all organisms by developing, laws, theories, principles, techniques and methods in observable, verifiable and predictable manner. 4. It observes the present behavior of the living organisms and establishes facts about them. With the establishment of Psychological laboratory, the experimental group of psychologists has been more enthusiastic in studying behavior with that of the spirit of physical and chemical sciences. They believe that every aspects of human behavior can be objectively studied and assessed. Psycho...

Gradual evolution of the term psychology: 1.         Etymologically the word ’ Psychology’ has been derived from the two Greek words’ Psyche’ means ‘ Soul ’ and ‘ Logos ’ means ‘science’ or ‘study of’ . Thus, the meaning of the word’ Psychology’ is the science of Soul . Ancient Greece like Aristotle and Plato believed that Psychology is the science of soul.   Rudolf Goeckle used the word psychology for the first time as a separate subject in 1950. In the beginning Psychology was a branch of Philosophy. Psychology becomes an independent subject since 16 th century. Soul is invisible and we cannot have direct experience. The soul is an abstract entity and is beyond our study. Thus, the concept of Psychology as the ‘science of soul’ did not remain popular and was rejected. 2.         In the 18 th century psychology was defined as the science of mind’. Descartes defined psychology as the science of mind. ...

Teaching: According to the view of Yoakam and Simpson, “Teaching is the means whereby the experienced member of the group guide the immature and group guide the mature and infant members in their adjustment of life”. According to B.O. Smith, “Teaching is a system of actions intended to produce learning”. H.C. Morrison is of the view that, “Teaching is an intimate contact between a more mature personality and a less mature one, which is designed to further the education of the latter.” Burton stated that “Teaching is the stimulation, guidance, direction and encouragement of learning.” Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs, experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn particular things, and go beyond the given. In much modern usage, the words ‘teaching’ and ‘teacher’ are wrapped up with schooling and schools. One way of approaching the question ‘What is teaching?’ is to look at what those called ‘teachers’ do – and then to draw out key qualiti...

Concept of Pedagogy: Concept of Teaching: Teaching means nothing more than mere ‘mere giving information and imparting knowledge.’ It was the time when teaching was regarded as a bipolar process- the teacher and the subject being its  Two Poles.  The child was altogether ignored. No attention was given to his needs and desires. The child was a non-entity and the teacher and the subject- matter were considered more important than him. the subject-matter was read out or told by the teacher and the child simply memorised it. Readymade material was given to him who sapped his energies. Concept of Learning: Earlier view of Learning: An earlier view of learning regarded the teacher as a dispenser of information and the children as the passive absorbers. It was believe that the central nervous system could be developed through experience in much the same way as the muscular system. Reading and other communicable language skills were taught principally by isolated drill in both phonic...

Meaning of Pedagogy The term ‘pedagogy’ is derived from the Greek words ‘paidagogia’ which means ‘Tutorship’. In simple word it is a term for educational science i.e. the study of classroom methodology and teaching techniques and it is the art and science of teaching. Characteristics of pedagogics of education 1.       Teaching is an art as well as science 2.       It relates to cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains. 3.       It involves observation. 4.       It takes into account individual difference of students. 5.        It has specific cultural base. 6.        It involves interaction. 7.        It has macro as well as well as micro-approach. 8.        It relates to teaching skills. Relationship between Teaching and Learning: The key ...

Factors Affecting Teaching & Learning Process 1.      Emotional Trends 2.      Economic Condition of the Learners 3.      Environmental conditions 4.      Psychological / Mental conditions of the Learners 5.      Physical Condition of the Learner 6.      Climatic Conditions 7.      Teacher Factor 8.      Task Factor 9.      Time Factors 10. Interest 11. Age & Maturation 12. Technology 13. Motivation 14. Medium of Instructions

MAXIMS / PRINCIPLE OF TEACHING   Every teacher wants to make maximum involvement and participation of the learners in the learning process. He sets the classroom in such a way so that it becomes attractive for them. He uses different methods, rules, principles etc in order to make his lesson effective and purposeful. He uses general rule or formula and applies it to particular example in order to make teaching – learning process easy and up to the understandable level of students.   These settled principles, tenets, working rules or general truths through which teaching becomes interesting, easy and effective are called the maxims of teaching. They have universal significance. Every person who is expected to enter into the teaching profession have to familiarize himself with the maxims of teaching. Their knowledge helps him to proceed systematically.   The different maxims of teaching are briefly explained below. The teacher should always proceed keeping them in vie...